Republicans Donald Trump Democrats Congress
  See $$$ From Your Zip Code $10,618,476,973 in Contributions for 2020 Election
Home | Money Search | Top 25 Candidates | Election News | About
Data Updated on 7/11/2020

Patricia Thornton
Political Campaign Contributions
2016 Election Cycle

Contribution Totals

Download all contribution records for this person
from 1999 to present
To a Spreadsheet or Other File Type
2020 Transaction Count/Amount 12/$660
2018 Transaction Count/Amount 27/$1,337
2016 Transaction Count/Amount 144/$7,519
2014 Transaction Count/Amount 0/$0
2012 Transaction Count/Amount 1/$250
2010 Transaction Count/Amount 0/$0
2008 Transaction Count/Amount 5/$4,300
2006 Transaction Count/Amount 0/$0
2004 Transaction Count/Amount 0/$0
2002 Transaction Count/Amount 1/$1,000
2000 Transaction Count/Amount 0/$0

Download all contribution records for this person
from 1999 to present
To a Spreadsheet or Other File Type

Patricia Thornton Political Contributions in 2016

Name & LocationEmployer/OccupationDollar
Amount		DatePrimary/
General		Contibuted To
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 12/10/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 12/10/2016 P END CITIZENS UNITED
THORNTON, PATRICIA
SAN FRANCISCO, CA
94107		Not Employed/Not Employed$200 11/04/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
SAN FRANCISCO, CA
94107		None/Not Employed$200 11/04/2016 P DSCC - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
VANCOUVER, WA
98687		N/A/Retired$250 11/04/2016 P HILLARY VICTORY FUND
THORNTON, PATRICIA
VANCOUVER, WA
98687		N/A/Retired$125 11/04/2016 P HILLARY VICTORY FUND
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		N/A/Retired$50 11/03/2016 G HILLARY FOR AMERICA - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		N/A/Retired$50 11/02/2016 P DEMOCRATIC ACTION
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 11/02/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 10/31/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 10/31/2016 P END CITIZENS UNITED
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 10/28/2016 P END CITIZENS UNITED
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 10/28/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
SAN FRANCISCO, CA
94107		Not Employed/Not Employed$200 10/28/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
SAN FRANCISCO, CA
94107		None/Not Employed$200 10/28/2016 P DSCC - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA T.
STATE COLLEGE, PA
16803		N/A/Retired$50 10/25/2016 G HILLARY FOR AMERICA - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 10/21/2016 P END CITIZENS UNITED
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 10/21/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA T.
STATE COLLEGE, PA
16803		N/A/Retired$100 10/03/2016 G HILLARY FOR AMERICA - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
STATE COLLEGE, PA
16803		N/A/Retired$100 09/28/2016 G HILLARY FOR AMERICA - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		N/A/Retired$100 09/23/2016 G HILLARY FOR AMERICA - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
STATE COLLEGE, PA
16803		N/A/Retired$100 09/17/2016 G HILLARY FOR AMERICA - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 09/11/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		N/A/Retired$50 09/07/2016 G HILLARY FOR AMERICA - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
STATE COLLEGE, PA
16803		N/A/Retired$50 08/22/2016 G HILLARY FOR AMERICA - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA M.
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Retired$100 08/10/2016 P DNC SERVICES CORP./DEM. NAT'L COMMITTEE - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA M
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$25 07/31/2016 P DEMOCRACY FOR AMERICA
THORNTON, PATRICIA
STATE COLLEGE, PA
16803		N/A/Retired$50 07/29/2016 G HILLARY FOR AMERICA - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
STATE COLLEGE, PA
16803		N/A/Retired$25 07/18/2016 P HILLARY FOR AMERICA - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA M
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$35 07/18/2016 P DEMOCRACY FOR AMERICA
THORNTON, PATRICIA
SOUTH KINGSTOWN, RI
02879		Self/Yoga Instructor/Gardener$28 07/06/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 07/01/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
SOUTH KINGSTOWN, RI
02879		Self/Yoga Instructor/Gardener$5 06/30/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
SOUTH KINGSTOWN, RI
02879		Self/Yoga Instructor/Gardener$27 06/30/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
SOUTH KINGSTOWN, RI
02879		Self/Yoga Instructor/Gardener$25 06/09/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
SOUTH KINGSTOWN, RI
02879		Self/Yoga Instructor/Gardener$5 05/31/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 05/31/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 05/31/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA M
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$50 05/30/2016 P DEMOCRACY FOR AMERICA
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 05/30/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 05/18/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 05/18/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 05/10/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 05/10/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA M
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		$25 05/06/2016 G DNC SERVICES CORP./DEM. NAT'L COMMITTEE - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 05/02/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 05/02/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
SOUTH KINGSTOWN, RI
02879		Self/Yoga Instructor/Gardener$5 04/30/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 04/27/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 04/27/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA M
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$25 04/20/2016 P DEMOCRACY FOR AMERICA
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 04/20/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 04/20/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 04/20/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA M
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		$25 04/16/2016 G DNC SERVICES CORP./DEM. NAT'L COMMITTEE - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA M
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$10 04/15/2016 P DEMOCRACY FOR AMERICA
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$10 04/15/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$10 04/15/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$10 04/15/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$20 04/13/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$20 04/13/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$20 04/13/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA M
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$20 04/13/2016 P DEMOCRACY FOR AMERICA
THORNTON, PATRICIA M
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$25 04/10/2016 P DEMOCRACY FOR AMERICA
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 04/10/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 04/10/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 04/10/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 04/08/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 04/08/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 04/05/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 04/05/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 03/30/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$12 03/26/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA M
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$12 03/26/2016 DEMOCRACY FOR AMERICA
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 03/25/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 03/17/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA M
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$25 03/16/2016 DEMOCRACY FOR AMERICA
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 03/16/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 03/16/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$12 03/16/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 03/13/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 03/12/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA M
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$100 03/12/2016 DEMOCRACY FOR AMERICA
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 03/09/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 03/07/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 03/06/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 03/02/2016 P ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA M
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$50 03/02/2016 DEMOCRACY FOR AMERICA
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 02/29/2016 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$27 02/29/2016 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$100 02/29/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$27 02/29/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$100 02/27/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 02/27/2016 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$50 02/24/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 02/24/2016 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$50 02/21/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 02/21/2016 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 02/21/2016 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 02/17/2016 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$50 02/17/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 02/14/2016 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$25 02/14/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 02/12/2016 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 02/10/2016 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$50 02/10/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$50 02/05/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 02/05/2016 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 01/25/2016 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$50 01/25/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 01/17/2016 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$50 01/17/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 01/10/2016 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$50 01/10/2016 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$17 12/28/2015 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$50 12/28/2015 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 12/28/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$17 12/28/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 12/21/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$25 12/21/2015 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$50 12/16/2015 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 12/16/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 12/02/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA M
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$50 12/02/2015 DEMOCRACY FOR AMERICA
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 10/13/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$50 10/13/2015 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$25 10/07/2015 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 10/07/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 10/01/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 09/29/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$50 09/29/2015 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$25 09/23/2015 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 09/23/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$25 09/10/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$10 08/31/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		Not Employed/Not Employed$10 08/31/2015 P BERNIE 2016 - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 08/30/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 08/26/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 08/12/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$50 07/27/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		$-100 05/03/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		$-100 05/03/2015 P DCCC - Democrat
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 04/30/2015 ACTBLUE
THORNTON, PATRICIA
MAPLEWOOD, NJ
07040		None/Not Employed$100 03/31/2015 ACTBLUE

Search

Contributors:
   Individual's Name
   Employer
   Occupation
   City
   County
   Zip Code
   State
Candidates:
   Name
   Party
   State
Committees (PACs):
   Name
   Category
"527" Organizations:
   Organizations
   Contributors by Name
   Contributors by Zip
Lobbyists:
   Name
   Client

Directories

   Top $$$ Contributors
   Contributions by Zip
   Candidates by State
   Committees (PACs)
   527 Organizations

Reports

Celebrity Contributors:
   Aaron Sorkin
   Andrew Fastow
   Arnold Palmer
   Arnold Schwarzenegger
   Ben Affleck
   Bill Cosby
   Bill Gates
   Calvin Klein
   Dennis Kozlowski
   Donald Trump
   George Soros
   Hugh Hefner
   Jack Grubman
   Jeff Skilling
   John Grisham
   John Rigas
   Ken Lay
   Martha Stewart
   Mel Gibson
   Oprah Winfrey
   Ralph Lauren
   Donald Trump
   Richard Scrushy
   Rush Limbaugh
   Sam Waksal
   Scott Sullivan
   Steven Spielberg
   Tom Cruise
   Tommy Hilfiger
Industry Contributors:
   CEO/Chief Executives
   College Professors
   Journalists/Reporters
   Trial Lawyers
   Golf Professionals
   Poker Professionals
   Mortgage Brokers
   Futures Brokers
   Stock Brokers
   Options Brokers
   Life Insurance
   Health Insurance
   Auto Insurance
   Securities Lawyers
   Boats & Yachts
   Defense Contracts
   Nonprofits
   Aircraft
Baseball Contributors:
   New York Yankees
   Boston Red Sox
   Chicago Cubs
Notable Politicians:
   Barack Obama
   George W Bush
   John Kerry
   Ralph Nader
   Hillary Clinton
Companies:
   Microsoft
   CNN
   Apple Computer
   New York Times
   News Corporation
   Nike
   Halliburton
   General Electric
   Exxon Mobil
   Ford Motor
   Anheuser Busch
Top 10 Contributors:
   Thomas Steyer
   Linda Mcmahon
   Sheldon Adelson
   Miriam Adelson
   Bob Perry
   Michael Bloomberg
   Harold Simmons
   Fred Eychaner
   J Ricketts
   John Raese




Copyright © 2025 CampaignMoney.com All rights reserved.  disclaimer